Which battery recycling companies can process electric vehicle battery packs at scale?

Yes. If by “at scale” you mean companies with operating commercial facilities or credible large-scale processing infrastructure—not just pilot projects—the field is relatively concentrated.

Leading EV-battery recyclers

The important distinction

There are really three tiers:

1. Already handling substantial volumes: Redwood, Li-Cycle's operating Spokes, Ascend Elements, Fortum.
2. Building very large capacity: Cirba Solutions and the larger Li-Cycle/Glencore projects.
3. Technology/pilot-stage companies: numerous firms can demonstrate impressive recovery rates but don't yet have comparable commercial throughput. For example, RecycLiCo describes multi-tonne/day modular plants, but that is quite different from an established 20–60+ GWh/year recycling network.

If you're evaluating these companies as potential suppliers/partners, I'd put Redwood Materials, Li-Cycle, Ascend Elements, Cirba Solutions, and Fortum at the top of the diligence list. The key questions aren't merely recovery percentage—they're actual tonnes/GWh processed, ability to accept complete EV packs, chemistry coverage (NMC/LFP), geographic collection network, black-mass refining capability, and contracted feedstock.

One particularly relevant current development: U.S. restrictions on exporting battery waste/black mass took effect August 27, 2026, increasing the strategic importance of domestic processing capacity.

If you tell me whether you're looking at this from an investment, EV-fleet, automaker, or battery-supply-chain perspective, I can rank these companies by the metrics that matter most.

Several major battery recycling companies have built or are actively expanding industrial-scale facilities to process electric vehicle (EV) battery packs and manufacturing scrap . These market leaders use hydrometallurgical or advanced pyrometallurgical methods to break down massive EV packs into "black mass" and recover up to 95–99% of critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel.

The primary companies capable of processing EV battery packs at scale include:

1. Redwood Materials

• Scale & Capacity: Headquartered in Nevada, Redwood Materials operates the largest closed-loop battery recycling facility in North America. It processes tens of thousands of tons of battery materials annually.
• Capabilities: Redwood receives 15 to 20 massive shipments of batteries daily from major automotive OEMs and dealers. They extract minerals at an elemental level and refine them directly back into anode and cathode materials for new EV battery production.
• Key Partners: Major automakers including BMW, Ford, Toyota, and Panasonic.

2. Glencore (Li-Cycle Assets)

• Scale & Capacity: Glencore acquired the operational assets of Li-Cycle , integrating Li-Cycle's widespread "Spoke" facilities into its global metals recycling network.
• Capabilities: The regional Spoke facilities utilize a mechanical shredding process under a submerged liquid to safely dismantle and grind down entire EV battery packs without manual discharging. The output is turned into a high-grade black mass containing critical metals.
• Key Locations: Large-scale spoke facilities located in Arizona, Alabama, New York, Ontario, and Germany.

3. Cirba Solutions

• Scale & Capacity: With over 35 years of battery management experience, Cirba Solutions operates six distinct processing facilities across North America, giving them the largest geographical footprint in the region.
• Capabilities: They possess specialized infrastructure to handle cross-chemistry formats, managing the logistics, dismantling, and processing of end-of-life EV packs alongside automotive manufacturing scrap.

4. Umicore

• Scale & Capacity: A global materials technology giant based in Europe, Umicore runs one of the world's most advanced pyrometallurgical-to-hydrometallurgical recycling facilities in Hoboken, Belgium.
• Capabilities: They specialize in recovering high-purity lithium, cobalt, and nickel from all EV chemistries at a commercial scale. They feature heavily in the European automotive market to help automakers meet strict EU circular economy regulations.

5. Tesla (In-House Scaled Operations)

• Scale & Capacity: Uniquely among automakers, Tesla has built scaled, dedicated in-house closed-loop recycling plants within its Gigafactories in Nevada and Texas.
• Capabilities: Combined, Tesla's facilities process over 14,000 metric tons of battery material annually (derived from 100% of factory line scrap, R&D labs, and end-of-life vehicles). They recover over 90% of key materials like nickel and cobalt directly back into their vehicle manufacturing line.

6. Emerging Scaled Operators

• American Battery Technology Company (ABTC): Operates a commercial-scale facility in Nevada using localized mechanical crushing and a reverse-engineering extraction process to isolate and recover high-purity battery materials.
• Ecobat: A legacy global leader in battery collection and recycling that has commissioned multiple cutting-edge lithium-ion recycling plants to handle commercial EV pack sorting and shredding.
• Cylib: A fast-growing European company that is scaling a 30,000-tonne annual capacity facility in Dormagen, Germany, focused specifically on a highly efficient, sustainable recovery process for EV packs.

If you are looking at this from a commercial perspective, let me know if you need information on geographical facility proximity, specific cell chemistry limitations , or OEM partnership logistics.

If by “at scale” you mean companies with industrial facilities that can handle EV battery modules/packs rather than just lab or pilot volumes, the field is relatively small. As of 2026, I’d put the following near the top:

1. Redwood Materials — probably the clearest U.S. answer

Redwood currently says it receives more than 20 GWh of batteries annually, equivalent to roughly 250,000 EVs, and processes battery packs as well as other lithium-ion feedstock. Its South Carolina operation added more than 20,000 metric tons/year of processing capacity in its first phase.

Importantly for EV packs, Redwood says its network recovers more than 70% of lithium-ion battery packs from across North America, with packs evaluated for second-life use or recycling. It works with major automakers including GM, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo and BMW.

Best suited for: automakers, fleet operators, battery manufacturers and large volumes of mixed EV battery packs.

2. Li-Cycle — purpose-built for full EV packs

Li-Cycle is particularly interesting because its Generation 3 Spoke facilities in Arizona, Alabama and Germany can directly process full EV battery packs without discharging or dismantling them.

Its model is different from Redwood's: Spokes mechanically process batteries into black mass, which is then refined at a Hub. The planned Rochester Hub is designed for up to 35,000 tonnes/year of black mass.

There is, however, a major caveat: Li-Cycle went through a severe financial restructuring and was subsequently acquired by Glencore. So I'd distinguish technical processing capability from commercial/financial stability when evaluating it.

3. Umicore — the industrial incumbent

Belgium-based Umicore is one of the more mature players from a metallurgical/refining perspective. Its pyro-hydro process recovers lithium, nickel, cobalt and copper, with reported recovery yields above 95% for cobalt, copper and nickel and above 90% for lithium across a broad range of chemistries.

It's particularly compelling if your definition of “scale” includes large industrial metals recovery infrastructure, rather than specifically a U.S. network for collecting whole EV packs.

4. Ascend Elements — strategically important, but higher risk

Ascend has built an integrated U.S. model around recycling batteries into black mass and then battery-grade materials, including lithium carbonate and cathode precursor material (pCAM). Its Kentucky Apex 1 pCAM facility is intended to begin operations in late 2026, with commercial-scale ramp-up in 2027.

The significant caveat is that Ascend entered Chapter 11 in 2026, amid difficult economics for U.S. battery recycling. Energy-Storage.News Thus, I wouldn't treat its announced future capacity as equivalent to currently operating capacity.

If you're looking for actual EV-pack processing capacity

I'd rank them roughly:

Redwood Materials > Li-Cycle > Umicore > Ascend Elements

—but the ranking changes depending on what you mean by “process.”

• Whole EV packs/modules: Redwood and Li-Cycle stand out.
• Huge-scale metals recovery/refining: Umicore is exceptionally established.
• Integrated U.S. recycled battery-material production: Redwood and Ascend are particularly relevant.
• Second-life assessment + recycling: Redwood is unusually well positioned because it can determine whether a pack should be reused or sent directly to recycling.

One important distinction: capacity announced on paper isn't necessarily capacity actually operating today. The U.S. industry has been under substantial economic pressure from low-cost virgin battery materials and Chinese battery-material prices, so I'd scrutinize operating throughput, feedstock contracts, financing, and actual pack-processing capability rather than headline nameplate capacity.

If you're evaluating these companies for a commercial partnership or to send, say, 10,000–100,000 EV packs/year, I can also compare them by actual pack-processing capability, annual tonnage/GWh, chemistry compatibility (NMC/LFP), geographic coverage, OEM partnerships, and financial health.

Best suited for: automakers, fleet operators, battery manufacturers and large volumes of mixed EV battery packs.

2. Li-Cycle — purpose-built for full EV packs

Li-Cycle is particularly interesting because its Generation 3 Spoke facilities in Arizona, Alabama and Germany can directly process full EV battery packs without discharging or dismantling them.

Its model is different from Redwood's: Spokes mechanically process batteries into black mass, which is then refined at a Hub. The planned Rochester Hub is designed for up to 35,000 tonnes/year of black mass.

There is, however, a major caveat: Li-Cycle went through a severe financial restructuring and was subsequently acquired by Glencore. So I'd distinguish technical processing capability from commercial/financial stability when evaluating it.

3. Umicore — the industrial incumbent

Belgium-based Umicore is one of the more mature players from a metallurgical/refining perspective. Its pyro-hydro process recovers lithium, nickel, cobalt and copper, with reported recovery yields above 95% for cobalt, copper and nickel and above 90% for lithium across a broad range of chemistries.

It's particularly compelling if your definition of “scale” includes large industrial metals recovery infrastructure, rather than specifically a U.S. network for collecting whole EV packs.

4. Ascend Elements — strategically important, but higher risk

Ascend has built an integrated U.S. model around recycling batteries into black mass and then battery-grade materials, including lithium carbonate and cathode precursor material (pCAM). Its Kentucky Apex 1 pCAM facility is intended to begin operations in late 2026, with commercial-scale ramp-up in 2027.

The significant caveat is that Ascend entered Chapter 11 in 2026, amid difficult economics for U.S. battery recycling. Thus, I wouldn't treat its announced future capacity as equivalent to currently operating capacity.

If you're looking for actual EV-pack processing capacity

Several major companies operate commercial- and industrial-scale facilities capable of processing whole electric vehicle (EV) battery packs and extracting critical battery-grade materials (like lithium, nickel, and cobalt).

The industry leaders operating at scale include:

• Redwood Materials : Founded by former Tesla CTO JB Straubel, Redwood is one of the most prominent players in North America. They receive thousands of battery pack shipments from automotive OEMs and dealers, shredding them and using hydrometallurgical refining to produce critical components like cathode active materials (CAM) directly back into the domestic supply chain.
• Li-Cycle : Operating facilities in North America and Europe, Li-Cycle utilizes a "hub-and-spoke" model. Their localized "Spoke" facilities safely shred EV battery packs (without needing extensive prior manual disassembly) to produce an intermediate product called "black mass," which is then processed at commercial-scale "Hub" refineries to recover battery-grade lithium, nickel, and cobalt.
• Ascend Elements : Based in the U.S., Ascend Elements recovers critical elements from EV battery packs and manufacturing scrap, transforming them into engineered cathode precursor materials. They operate commercial recycling facilities and scale up infrastructure to support major automotive partnerships.
• Umicore : A global materials technology and recycling giant based in Europe, Umicore has long-established, industrial-scale pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recycling capabilities. They process a broad range of lithium-ion chemistries and have deep integration partnerships with major global EV brands.
• American Battery Technology Company (ABTC) : ABTC operates commercial-scale lithium-ion battery recycling facilities (such as their flagship plant in Nevada) utilizing integrated demanufacturing, shredding, and targeted hydrometallurgical extraction processes designed to yield high-purity, battery-grade materials.
• Glencore : Leveraging its massive international footprint in commodity trading and metals processing, Glencore actively processes and recycles end-of-life EV batteries and manufacturing scrap through global recycling frameworks, acting as a major handler and offtaker of recovered battery metals.
• Tesla : While primarily an automaker, Tesla operates massive in-house recycling operations at its Gigafactories (Nevada and Texas) capable of processing thousands of metric tons of factory scrap and end-of-life vehicle packs annually to recover over 90% of key battery elements.

Are you looking at this from a logistics/disposal perspective (e.g., trying to recycle specific packs), or are you researching market capacities and supply chain investments ? Let me know and I can share more details!

Several major industrial-scale companies and processors possess the technology, permits, and massive facility footprints required to handle entire electric vehicle (EV) battery packs at commercial scale.

The prominent players operating at scale span North America, Europe, and Asia:

• Redwood Materials (United States): Founded by a former Tesla co-founder, Redwood is a prominent domestic recycler processing gigawatt-hours (GWh) of lithium-ion material annually at its Nevada campus. They receive steady, high-volume streams of manufacturing scrap and end-of-life EV packs (partnering with automakers like Ford, Toyota, and Volkswagen) to recover critical elements like nickel, cobalt, and lithium up to an elemental, battery-ready level.
• Ascend Elements (United States): Operates major commercial-scale facilities—including a massive operation in Covington, Georgia—capable of processing tens of thousands of metric tons of EV-scale input per year. Utilizing their Hydro-to-Cathode process, they break down large packs and synthesize new cathode active materials (CAM) directly from the output.
• Glencore / Li-Cycle (Global / North America): Li-Cycle utilizes a decentralized "spoke" network to safely shred whole EV battery modules and packs into intermediate "black mass," which is slated for larger hydrometallurgical refining hubs. Following Glencore’s acquisition and integration of Li-Cycle's footprint across North America and Europe, their combined infrastructure provides significant international reach for bulk pack logistics and processing.
• Umicore (Belgium / Global): A global heavyweight in circular materials technology, Umicore operates advanced pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical large-scale facilities in Europe. They specialize in safely receiving, roasting, and recovering high purity cobalt, nickel, and lithium directly from automotive-scale traction batteries.
• American Battery Technology Company (ABTC) (United States): ABTC runs commercial recycling and extraction operations out of Nevada (fully permitted under rigorous environmental frameworks) and is actively scaling major facilities in the U.S. Southeast to handle multi-thousand-tonne annual throughputs of complex end-of-life EV and stationary storage batteries.
• Ecobat (United States & Europe): Leveraging decades of lead-acid recycling leadership, Ecobat has brought online dedicated commercial lithium-ion battery recycling plants in places like Hettstedt (Germany) and Casa Grande (Arizona), partnering closely with major European and global automakers (like Volkswagen and Nissan) to collect and process high-voltage EV packs.
• Brunp Recycling / CATL & GEM (China): Globally, China dominates the raw processing and material recovery ecosystem. Massive enterprises like Brunp (a subsidiary of CATL) and GEM operate giga-scale refining networks that process the vast majority of the world's circulating EV production scrap and spent packs.

Would you like to focus on a specific geographic region (such as North America or Europe), or do you need details regarding their specific recycling methods (hydrometallurgical vs. pyrometallurgical)?

Yes. If by “at scale” you mean companies that can handle whole EV packs or large commercial volumes, rather than only lab/pilot quantities, the field is relatively concentrated.

Leading EV-battery recyclers

The two I'd put at the top for U.S. EV packs

1. Redwood Materials — the clearest example of already operating at substantial EV-pack scale. Redwood says it receives more than 20 GWh of batteries annually, equivalent to roughly 250,000 EVs, and that its feedstock includes battery packs as well as production scrap. It reports recovering >95% of key materials including lithium, nickel, cobalt and copper.

2. Li-Cycle — technically very well suited to EV packs. Its Arizona, Alabama and Germany Gen-3 Spokes are designed to directly process full EV battery packs without discharging or dismantling. Its Rochester Hub is planned for up to 35,000 tonnes/year of black mass processing.

One important distinction: planned/nameplate capacity isn't the same as currently operating capacity. Li-Cycle's Rochester Hub, for example, remains a project, whereas its Spokes are operating. The U.S. Department of Energy describes Li-Cycle as North America's largest pure-play lithium-ion recycler and notes its three operational North American sites.

If you're evaluating suppliers commercially

I'd divide the market into three categories:

• Highest-confidence U.S. pack-scale recycler: Redwood Materials
• Large-scale recycler with direct whole-pack technology: Li-Cycle
• Battery-materials/cathode-oriented recyclers: Ascend Elements and similar companies
• Global industrial incumbents: Umicore, Ecobat, Fortum
• Very large Asian ecosystem: CATL/Brunp, GEM and other Chinese recyclers

The key thing to check isn't just advertised recycling capacity. For an EV manufacturer, dismantler, fleet operator, or insurer, I'd compare whole-pack acceptance, chemistry coverage (NMC/LFP), pack-state-of-charge requirements, transportation/hazardous-material handling, geographic coverage, recovery rates, and whether the recycler pays for the battery or charges a processing fee.

If you tell me whether you're looking at this as an EV manufacturer, battery supplier, auto recycler, investor, or someone trying to dispose of packs, I can narrow this to the 5–10 companies that are actually relevant.

2. Li-Cycle — technically very well suited to EV packs. Its Arizona, Alabama and Germany Gen-3 Spokes are designed to directly process full EV battery packs without discharging or dismantling. Its Rochester Hub is planned for up to 35,000 tonnes/year of black mass processing.

Processing electric vehicle (EV) battery packs at a true commercial scale requires handling large physical modules, safely discharging high-voltage stored energy, mechanical shredding/pre-treatment into black mass, and advanced hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical refining to recover battery-grade metals (Li, Ni, Co, Mn).

The primary companies actively processing EV battery packs at scale globally include:

• Redwood Materials (United States) – Founded by Tesla co-founder JB Straubel, Redwood is a prominent recycler in North America. It operates massive industrial-scale facilities in Nevada and is expanding footprint capacity, processing gigawatt-hour (GWh) quantities of manufacturing scrap and end-of-life EV packs from major automakers like Ford, Volkswagen, and Volvo.
• Li-Cycle (North America & Europe) – Backed by major investments and partnerships, Li-Cycle utilizes a commercial "Spoke & Hub" technology model. Its regional "Spokes" safely shred whole EV battery packs mechanically into black mass without high-temperature burning, which is then slated for high-purity processing at their central "Hub" refineries.
• Ascend Elements (United States) – Operates large-scale commercial facilities (such as in Georgia and Kentucky) engineered to take massive volumes of EV battery feedstock and production scrap, turning them directly back into high-performance precursor cathode active materials (pCAM).
• Umicore (Europe) – A pioneer in clean-tech materials recycling, Umicore operates one of Europe's largest industrial-scale battery recycling plants in Hoboken, Belgium. It employs a specialized combination of pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processing to handle thousands of tons of EV batteries annually.
• Glencore (Global) – Leveraging its massive global metals and mining infrastructure, Glencore handles large-scale recycling integration and acts as an offtaker/refiner for critical battery minerals, further expanding its footprint via strategic acquisitions and processing networks.
• CATL (Brunp Recycling) (Asia/Global) – As the world's largest EV battery manufacturer, CATL's recycling subsidiary (Brunp) dominates the Asian market, processing hundreds of thousands of metric tons of battery scrap and retired packs annually with closed-loop material recovery.
• Cirba Solutions (United States) – An industry veteran with an extensive footprint spanning multiple large processing facilities across North America, handling end-of-life EV and industrial battery management and material recovery at scale.

Would you like to explore these companies based on a specific geographic region (North America vs. Europe vs. Asia) or look closer at their technological approach (hydrometallurgical vs. direct recycling)?

Yes. If by “at scale” you mean companies that can handle automotive-size lithium-ion EV packs in industrial volumes, rather than laboratory or pilot recycling, the field is relatively concentrated.

Leading EV-battery recyclers

If you're looking for actual EV-pack processing

There's an important distinction between “battery recycling capacity” and “can take a complete EV pack.”

Particularly notable for complete packs:

• Redwood Materials — has a large North American collection and logistics operation and says it receives the majority of EV packs in North America. It processed more than 20 GWh of Li-ion batteries in 2024.
• Li-Cycle — its Generation 3 Spokes in Arizona, Alabama and Germany can process full EV packs without discharging or dismantling.
• AE Elemental — its Zawiercie plant is explicitly designed to disassemble, discharge and shred EV batteries at 12,000 t/year.
• Ecobat — Hettstedt explicitly handles EV packs, with additional Li-ion facilities in the U.S. and U.K.
• GEM — operates at an enormous power-battery dismantling scale in China, with 215,000 t/year of pack dismantling capacity.

My shortlist by use case

For a U.S. automaker/dismantler looking for an outlet for thousands of EV packs:
Redwood Materials, Li-Cycle, Ecobat, Ascend Elements.

For Europe:
Fortum, AE Elemental, Umicore, Li-Cycle, Ecobat.

For sheer processing scale in China/Asia:
GEM is one of the most significant players.

For a closed-loop battery-materials supplier rather than simply a waste recycler:
Redwood, Ascend Elements, Fortum and Umicore are especially interesting because they go beyond shredding to recover/refine materials for the battery supply chain. Redwood, for example, reports recovering >95% of critical materials such as lithium, nickel, cobalt and copper.

One caveat: announced/nameplate capacity is not the same as current throughput. This matters especially for Li-Cycle and Fortum, where large future capacities are materially bigger than current operating capacity. Li-Cycle's Rochester Hub, for example, remains a project rather than an operating 35,000-t/year plant.

If you're evaluating these companies for commercially recycling a fleet's EV packs, I can also rank them by current operating capacity, ability to accept complete packs, chemistry compatibility (NMC/LFP), geographic coverage, and estimated cost per pack.

If by “at scale” you mean companies that can handle thousands to tens of thousands of metric tons of lithium-ion batteries per year, rather than pilot projects, the field is fairly concentrated. As of August 2026, I’d separate the leaders into established operating capacity and companies whose large-scale projects are still being built or restructured.

1. Redwood Materials — probably the clearest answer in North America

Redwood Materials is currently the standout if you're looking for an operator that is actually processing very large quantities today.

Redwood says it receives more than 20 GWh of batteries annually, equivalent to roughly 250,000 EVs, and that this includes end-of-life battery packs as well as manufacturing scrap.

Its Nevada operation has commercial-scale hydrometallurgy and can recover lithium, nickel, cobalt and copper. Its thermal preprocessing system is rated at more than 40,000 metric tons/year, or approximately 15–20 GWh.

It has also brought its South Carolina campus online, with 20,000 metric tons/year of recycling capacity currently listed.

Best fit: OEMs, battery manufacturers, fleet operators and other organizations with substantial recurring EV-battery volumes.

2. Glencore Battery Recycling — the Li-Cycle assets

Glencore acquired Li-Cycle in August 2025, and the operations now sit under Glencore Battery Recycling.

The underlying technology is particularly relevant to your question because Li-Cycle's Generation 3 Spokes can directly process full EV battery packs without discharging or dismantling them. Operational Spokes exist in Arizona, Alabama and Germany.

The planned Rochester Hub is designed to process up to 35,000 tonnes of black mass annually, producing battery-grade materials.

Caveat: distinguish installed/operating Spoke capacity from the much larger Rochester Hub capacity, which is a development/execution question rather than equivalent to capacity already running.

3. Umicore — established European scale

Umicore operates a dedicated Li-ion battery recycling facility in Hoboken, Belgium with approximately 7,000 tonnes/year capacity, equivalent to about 20,000 EV batteries.

It's a different model from Redwood: Umicore has decades of experience in metals refining and uses battery recycling as part of a broader materials-recovery business.

Best fit: European battery supply chains, particularly where downstream metal refining is important.

4. Ascend Elements — important technology, but not currently a clean “scale” answer

Ascend Elements had built a significant commercial recycling/materials platform, including a 30,000-tonne/year Georgia recycling operation and plans for additional large facilities.

However, there's a major 2026 qualification: Ascend Elements filed for Chapter 11 on April 9, 2026.

So I'd regard Ascend as a major technology/platform with substantial assets, rather than assuming its advertised/planned capacity is readily available to a new customer today.

My practical shortlist

If you're evaluating these companies as potential processors for a large stream of retired EV packs, I'd rank them roughly:

North America

1. Redwood Materials — strongest combination of operating scale + integrated refining.
2. Glencore Battery Recycling / Li-Cycle — very relevant for full-pack processing and potentially huge scale, but assess current facility availability carefully.
3. SungEel Materials — worth evaluating for U.S. and international capacity.
4. Ascend Elements — technically significant, but its 2026 restructuring makes commercial diligence essential.

Europe

1. Umicore
2. Glencore Battery Recycling / Li-Cycle
3. SungEel / AE Elemental

One important distinction: “can recycle EV batteries at scale” doesn't necessarily mean “will accept your intact EV packs.” Some recyclers primarily want manufacturing scrap or preprocessed material/black mass; others have dedicated logistics, discharge and pack-shredding capabilities. If you're trying to place, say, 1,000 / 10,000 / 100,000 EV packs per year, the shortlist changes considerably.

Processing electric vehicle (EV) battery packs at an industrial scale requires handling complex logistics, safely discharging and dismantling large high-voltage packs, and recovering critical minerals (lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper) at high efficiency rates.

The primary companies actively processing EV battery packs at scale across North America, Europe, and Asia include:

North America & Global Leaders

• Redwood Materials (USA): Founded by a former Tesla co-founder, Redwood is one of the largest and most prominent lithium-ion battery recyclers. They process gigawatt-hours (GWh) of battery material annually—handling both manufacturing scrap and end-of-life EV packs from major partners like Toyota, Ford, Volvo, and Volkswagen. They recover >95% of critical elements and refine them back into active cathode and anode components.
• Li-Cycle (Global / North America): Known for its modular "Spoke & Hub" technology, Li-Cycle safely shreds whole EV battery packs and manufacturing scrap locally at "Spoke" facilities into an intermediate product called black mass, which is then processed at centralized "Hubs" to recover battery-grade materials. They operate an extensive network of facilities backed by major automotive and mining partnerships (including Glencore and General Motors).
• American Battery Technology Company (ABTC) (USA): Operating commercial-scale recycling and primary mineral extraction facilities in Nevada, ABTC utilizes bespoke closed-loop hydrometallurgical and electro-chemical separation processes to handle massive battery feedstock streams, including large-scale energy storage and automotive packs.
• Umicore (Belgium / Global): A veteran in complex metal recycling, Umicore operates massive industrial-scale facilities (such as their flagship refining plant in Hoboken, Belgium) and specialized precursor cathode active material (pCAM) manufacturing plants, providing certified closed-loop recycling services to major global automakers.

Europe & International Operators

• Hydrovolt (Norway): A joint venture between Northvolt and Hydro, Hydrovolt operates one of Europe's largest commercial EV battery recycling plants, utilizing automated sorting and crushing lines to recover valuable black mass and aluminum for direct re-entry into European supply chains.
• Fortum Battery Recycling (Finland/Germany): Utilizing low-CO2 hydrometallurgical recycling technology, Fortum operates major processing hubs in Europe capable of handling industrial volumes of EV-grade battery waste and black mass.
• CATL / Brunp Recycling (China): Dominating the Asian and global landscape, CATL's subsidiary, Brunp, recycles hundreds of thousands of tons of battery materials annually, representing the largest industrial-scale EV recycling ecosystem in the world.

Are you looking for a recycling partner for a specific region (e.g., North America vs. Europe), or do you need details on whether they handle production scrap versus end-of-life whole packs?