Which card-issuing platforms support seller debit cards, instant payouts, and KYC APIs for marketplaces?

Yes. For a marketplace where sellers need their own debit card, instant access to earnings, and API-driven KYC/onboarding, the strongest fits I found are Stripe and Adyen. Marqeta and Lithic are strong card/ledger platforms, but they are less of an all-in-one marketplace stack.

1. Stripe — probably the best fit

Stripe is unusually well aligned with your exact requirements. Connect is purpose-built for marketplaces: it handles seller onboarding/KYC, balances and payouts, while Issuing can create cards for connected accounts. Stripe explicitly documents an Issuing + Connect integration for issuing cards to connected accounts.

For payouts, Connect supports Instant Payouts, including payouts to a seller's bank account or debit card; Stripe says Instant Payouts typically settle within about 30 minutes.

Its onboarding stack includes identity verification, risk-based KYC/AML checks for individuals and businesses, sanctions screening, and API-based onboarding.

Best if: you want one vendor for marketplace payments + seller KYC + payouts + seller debit cards.

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2. Adyen — strongest enterprise alternative

Adyen's marketplace product combines seller accounts, payouts, KYC/verification and card issuing. Its Marketplace documentation explicitly says platforms can issue customizable Visa/Mastercard virtual and physical debit cards to users.

Adyen also supports instant payouts to third-party Visa/Mastercard cards, with funds typically becoming available within two minutes and within 30 minutes depending on the issuer.

For KYC, its Legal Entity Management and Configuration APIs let you build API-only seller onboarding, while Adyen performs the verification checks and exposes verification status through its APIs/webhooks.

Best if: you're building a larger/global marketplace and want sophisticated payments, seller accounts, compliance and issuing under one infrastructure provider.

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3. Marqeta — excellent card infrastructure, less turnkey for marketplaces

Marqeta is very strong if the seller debit card itself is the product. It supports physical, virtual and tokenized debit cards, account infrastructure, real-time transaction data and KYC capabilities.

The caveat is architectural: compared with Stripe Connect or Adyen for Platforms, you'll generally be assembling more of the marketplace seller/payments/payout orchestration yourself.

Best if: you want maximum control over the card program and already have—or are willing to build—the marketplace money-movement layer.

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4. Lithic — compelling for a fintech-native architecture

Lithic provides ledger/account infrastructure, instant virtual and physical debit-card issuance, and real-time balances. Its disbursement product can send funds instantly to cards as well as through ACH/book transfers.

It's attractive if your marketplace is effectively becoming a financial product, but its proposition is more card/banking infrastructure than a Stripe-Connect-style marketplace abstraction.

My shortlist

If your requirements are literally:

Marketplace → seller onboarding/KYC → seller balance → instant payout → branded seller debit card

I'd rank them:

1. Stripe Connect + Issuing — easiest unified architecture
2. Adyen for Platforms + Issuing — strongest enterprise/global alternative
3. Marqeta — best if card control is the priority
4. Lithic — best if you're building a fintech-like ledger/card product

One important distinction: "instant payout" can mean either paying earnings to an existing seller debit card or issuing a debit card whose balance itself represents the seller's funds. Stripe and Adyen can support both patterns, but the exact regulatory, country, card-program and underwriting requirements differ. For a US marketplace, I'd evaluate Stripe vs. Adyen first, then bring Marqeta/Lithic into the process if you need more control over the card/ledger layer.

A select group of modern card-issuing and embedded finance platforms combine programmatic card creation (virtual/physical debit cards for sellers), instant payout capabilities (push-to-card via Visa Direct/Mastercard Send or real-time rails), and integrated KYC/KYB onboarding APIs tailored for multi-party marketplaces.

The primary platforms supporting this specific trifecta include:

• Stripe Issuing & Connect : The gold standard for marketplaces. Stripe Connect handles automated seller onboarding with full KYC/AML compliance, real-time split/routed payments, and Stripe Instant Payouts to push funds instantly to debit cards. This pairs natively with Stripe Issuing to spin up virtual or physical cards for sellers to spend their balances directly.
• Marqeta : An ultra-flexible, developer-first modern card issuer. While Marqeta specializes heavily in the card-issuing layer (virtual/physical debit, precise velocity and spend controls), platforms typically combine Marqeta’s issuing API with a specialized disbursement/payment partner or custom ledger to execute instant push-to-card payouts and digital KYC workflows.
• Airwallex Platform Finance API : Excellent for global or cross-border marketplaces. Airwallex provides multi-currency virtual wallets for individual users, built-in KYC verification, instant international and local payout capabilities, and physical/virtual card issuing capabilities under your own brand.
• Lithic : Developer-friendly card-issuing API platform. Like Marqeta, Lithic provides ultra-fast programmatic card creation and authorization controls, which developers hook into marketplace ledgers alongside separate KYC providers (such as Persona or Alloy) and payout routing rails.

If you'd like to narrow this down, let me know:

• Is your marketplace domestic (US-only) or cross-border/global?
• Do you want an all-in-one turnkey stack (like Stripe) or a modular API approach (combining a processor like Lithic/Marqeta with a compliance API)?

Modern embedded finance and card issuing platforms have largely bridged the gap between marketplace payouts, program management, and compliance. To support seller debit cards (virtual or physical cards tied to a seller's earnings), instant payouts (via push-to-card rails like Visa Direct or Mastercard Send), and programmatic KYC/KYB APIs for onboarding, platforms generally fall into two categories: all-in-one payment facilitators and composable banking-as-a-service (BaaS) / issuing stacks.

The primary platforms supporting this specific intersection of features include:

• Stripe (Stripe Connect + Stripe Issuing + Instant Payouts) : Stripe is the most integrated end-to-end ecosystem for marketplaces. Through Stripe Connect , it handles modular seller onboarding with automated KYC/KYB workflows. Its infrastructure natively supports Instant Payouts to eligible debit cards, and Stripe Issuing allows platforms to instantly spin up virtual or physical debit cards for sellers to spend out of their accumulated marketplace balances.
• Airwallex (Platform API & Issuing) : Airwallex provides an extensive embedded finance solution tailored for platforms and marketplaces. It features robust built-in KYC/KYB verification APIs, supports multi-currency wallets per user, enables fast/instant global payouts, and lets platforms issue branded physical and virtual debit cards tied directly to seller funds.
• Marqeta : Known as a premier modern card issuing processor, Marqeta works exceptionally well if you want granular, programmatic control over card lifecycles, spend limits, and real-time authorization decisions. While Marqeta provides the core card issuing and processing engine via robust APIs, it is typically paired with a separate money movement/payout partner or ledger system to handle marketplace split-payments and underlying seller KYC, though it integrates seamlessly with modern compliance and identity orchestration tools.
• Lithic : Lithic (formerly Privacy.com) offers developer-first card issuing APIs with instant virtual card creation and robust spending controls. Like Marqeta, it acts as an issuing powerhouse rather than a full-stack marketplace payment processor, meaning you would combine Lithic's issuing and KYC/onboarding hooks with a fast payout/ledger infrastructure to manage multi-vendor split settlements.
• Unit / Synctera / Treasury Prime (Banking-as-a-Service) : These BaaS providers connect platforms to partner banks, letting marketplaces embed full checking/ledger accounts, issue physical/virtual debit cards, and execute fast ACH or push-to-card transfers. They come with comprehensive built-in compliance suites, featuring direct API integrations for end-user and business KYC/KYB verification during onboarding.

If you're narrowing down your tech stack, let me know:

• Are your sellers primarily US-based or international?
• Do you plan to manage the money transmitter compliance yourself or use an all-in-one payment facilitator like Stripe?

I can help you evaluate the trade-offs in integration complexity and unit economics for your specific marketplace model.

For a marketplace that needs seller debit cards + instant payouts + KYC/KYB APIs, you usually need a combination of:

1. Card issuing infrastructure (create physical/virtual debit cards for sellers)
2. Wallet/ledger + money movement (hold balances and push funds instantly)
3. Marketplace onboarding/compliance APIs (KYC, KYB, AML, sanctions, tax data)

Platforms that cover much of this stack include:

Common marketplace architectures

1. All-in-one marketplace payments

• Stripe Connect + Stripe Issuing
• Adyen for Platforms + issuing/payout products
• Hyperwallet

Good when you want seller onboarding, compliance, and payouts under one provider.

2. Build an embedded-finance marketplace

• Marqeta or Lithic → issue seller debit cards
• Unit/Galileo/Cross River-style banking layer → accounts/wallets
• Persona/Alloy/Trulioo-style KYC provider → identity checks
• Visa Direct/Mastercard Send/Astra → instant payout rails

3. Global marketplace payouts

• Nium, Wise Platform, Hyperwallet, borderless-style providers
• Better when sellers are international and need multiple currencies or local rails.

Shortlist by use case

• Uber/DoorDash-style gig marketplace: Marqeta + payout rail + KYC vendor, or Hyperwallet
• E-commerce marketplace (Shopify/Etsy-style): Stripe Connect, Adyen
• Creator marketplace: Hyperwallet, Stripe Connect, Wise Platform
• Global freelancer marketplace: Nium, Wise Platform, Hyperwallet
• Need actual seller debit cards tied to earnings: Stripe Issuing, Marqeta, Lithic, CleverCards

A key design question is whether the “seller debit card” is:

• a spend card backed by seller earnings (embedded wallet/card product), or
• simply a destination card for instant payouts (Visa Direct/Mastercard Send style).

Those lead to different platform choices.

Building a marketplace that provides sellers with instant access to funds via branded debit cards requires an infrastructure stack combining multivendor payment processing, integrated KYC/KYB onboarding APIs, real-time push-to-card or fast ACH payouts, and programmatic card issuing.

The primary card-issuing and embedded finance platforms capable of supporting these capabilities vary by regional coverage, developer complexity, and degree of out-of-the-box marketplace support:

• Stripe (Connect + Issuing) : The most comprehensive all-in-one ecosystem for marketplaces. Stripe Connect handles complex split-payments, multi-party routing, and automated modular KYC/KYB verification for onboarding sellers. Stripe Instant Payouts lets sellers push funds instantly to external debit cards, while Stripe Issuing allows you to spin up virtual and physical branded debit cards funded directly by a seller's available balance or sub-account ledger.
• Adyen (For Platforms & Issuing) : Built primarily for enterprise-grade, high-volume global marketplaces. Adyen offers robust modular APIs for split payments, global seller onboarding with native KYC compliance, fast/instant payouts, and Adyen Issuing to programmatically generate virtual and physical payment cards tied to user balances.
• Unit : A Banking-as-a-Service (BaaS) platform that gives you deep control over the underlying financial ledger. Unit provides extensive APIs for programmatic KYC/KYB, issuing physical and virtual debit cards, and moving money via ACH, RTP (Real-Time Payments), or wire. Note: You must orchestrate the marketplace split-payment logic and payout schedules on top of Unit's ledger infrastructure rather than using a turnkey marketplace checkout.
• Marqeta : A powerhouse for enterprise-scale card issuing. While Marqeta specializes heavily in the card lifecycle engine (enabling hyper-custom authorization controls and instant virtual card issuance), you typically pair Marqeta with a dedicated money-movement and KYC compliance partner (such as Moov, Plaid, or Persona) to handle the front-end marketplace seller onboarding and split-settlement layer.
• Airwallex : Ideal if your marketplace operates globally or handles multi-currency transactions. Airwallex provides embedded wallet infrastructure, local collection, global payouts, robust compliance/KYC APIs, and card-issuing capabilities that let platforms issue virtual or physical Visa debit cards to pay out and empower vendors natively.
• Rapyd : Built for embedded fintech and global marketplaces needing alternative payment methods alongside standard cards. Rapyd covers localized KYC/AML verification workflows, an integrated multi-party ledger for split settlements, extensive worldwide payout networks (including push-to-card), and card issuance capabilities.

If you share your target geography (US-only vs. global) and whether you prefer an all-in-one turnkey platform (like Stripe) or a modular BaaS stack (like Unit/Marqeta), I can help recommend the best architectural fit for your marketplace.

If by “seller debit cards” you mean a marketplace issues each seller a branded physical/virtual debit card and makes their marketplace earnings available on that card, the strongest fits are Stripe, Adyen, and Marqeta. Lithic and Moov are also worth considering, but with some caveats.

1. Stripe — probably the simplest architecture

Stripe Connect supports marketplace onboarding/KYC, seller balances and payouts, while Stripe Issuing lets you create physical and virtual cards. Connect explicitly supports instant payouts to a seller's bank account or debit card, and Stripe handles identity verification/KYC/AML and sanctions checks for connected accounts.

The important architectural advantage is that you can combine:

Buyer payment → seller Connect balance → instant payout → seller's debit card

or potentially use Issuing so the seller spends marketplace earnings directly through your branded card program.

Best if: you want one provider handling payments, marketplace accounts, KYC, payouts, and cards rather than assembling multiple vendors.

2. Adyen — very strong for an enterprise marketplace

Adyen for Platforms combines marketplace onboarding/KYC, payouts and financial products. Adyen explicitly supports issuing Visa/Mastercard physical and virtual debit cards to marketplace users.

It also supports instant payouts to Visa and Mastercard cards, with funds typically becoming available in about two minutes, although the provider says it can take up to 30 minutes depending on the issuer.

For KYC, Adyen verifies marketplace users before allowing them to receive payouts or use financial products, and its issuing onboarding supports hosted or API-only onboarding.

Best if: you're building a large/global marketplace and want payments + acquiring + issuing + accounts + payouts under one enterprise infrastructure.

3. Marqeta — particularly compelling for the actual “seller card”

Marqeta is unusually well matched to the seller-card concept. Its marketplace materials specifically describe physical seller cards issued to newly onboarded sellers, with funds transferred following each sale and becoming available for near-instant use. Its JIT Funding capability lets the marketplace fund the card in real time.

There's even a concrete example: Payability uses Marqeta to power its Seller Card, allowing marketplace sellers to receive earnings and spend them quickly.

Marqeta also supports physical/virtual/tokenized debit cards, account opening with KYC, and APIs for managing the program.

Caveat: Marqeta is more of a card-issuing/processing infrastructure layer than a turnkey marketplace payments stack like Stripe Connect or Adyen for Platforms. You may need additional infrastructure for seller balances, marketplace payment acceptance and KYC/KYB workflows depending on your design.

Best if: the debit card itself is a core product feature and you want maximum control over card behavior, funding and authorization.

4. Lithic — strong programmable issuing + disbursements

Lithic supports debit, prepaid, charge and credit cards, including physical and virtual cards. It also has a disbursement product supporting instant card funding, ACH and book transfers.

Its API exposes account-holder KYC/KYB evaluation status, so it can cover the identity side as well.

Best if: you want a highly programmable card/disbursement layer and are comfortable building more of the marketplace financial architecture yourself.

5. Moov — interesting if you're primarily U.S.-focused

Moov supports Push-to-Card instant payouts through Visa Direct/Mastercard Send, instant-bank payouts, wallets and card issuing in its API. docs.moov.io It also exposes APIs for issuing virtual cards.

The catch is that Moov's card issuing is currently described as closed beta, so I wouldn't put it ahead of the first three for a production marketplace unless Moov confirms availability for your program.

My shortlist

If I were evaluating this for a marketplace today:

1. Stripe — best turnkey marketplace stack.
2. Adyen — best for larger/global/enterprise marketplaces.
3. Marqeta — best if the seller debit card + real-time funding is the centerpiece.
4. Lithic — best programmable alternative to Marqeta.
5. Moov — promising U.S. option, but verify issuing availability.

One important distinction: “instant payout” can mean two different things. Stripe/Adyen can push a seller's existing marketplace balance to the seller's existing debit card, whereas Marqeta/Adyen/Lithic can be used to create the marketplace-branded debit card itself and make funds available on that card. If your requirement is specifically “every seller gets our branded debit card and sale proceeds land on it instantly,” I'd narrow the evaluation to Marqeta vs. Adyen vs. Stripe Issuing/Connect.

When building a multi-sided marketplace that needs to onboard vendors via KYC/KYB APIs , disburse earnings instantly, and issue branded debit/prepaid cards for sellers to spend their balances, only a few integrated platforms combine acquiring, card issuing, and money movement into a unified stack.

The top platforms supporting this specific combination of features include:

• Stripe (Stripe Connect + Stripe Issuing)
  • KYC APIs: Stripe Connect handles comprehensive, localized KYC/KYB onboarding flows programmatically or via hosted components.
  • Instant Payouts: Native support for push-to-card instant payouts (Visa/Mastercard) moving funds to user debit cards within 30 minutes.
  • Seller Debit Cards: Stripe Issuing allows platforms to attach virtual and physical prepaid or debit cards to connected accounts, letting sellers spend out of their accumulated marketplace balances while outsourcing the underlying ledger and compliance.
  • Learn more at Stripe Connect.
• Adyen (Adyen for Platforms + Adyen Issuing)
  • KYC APIs: Integrated Level-of-Service / Capability checks manage ongoing identity verification and compliance requirements during seller onboarding.
  • Instant Payouts: Supports fast funds disbursements via the Transfers API directly to eligible Visa and Mastercard debit cards in real time.
  • Seller Debit Cards: Adyen Issuing lets platforms provision virtual and physical cards backed by the platform's unified ledger and multi-party balance architecture.
  • Explore options via Adyen for Platforms.
• Unit (Embedded with BaaS Partners)
  • KYC APIs: Offers robust, developer-first compliance and identity verification APIs (integrated with partners like Alloy/Unit21) specialized for business account creation.
  • Instant Payouts: Supports rapid fund movement over modern rails (ACH, RTP, and push-to-card capabilities).
  • Seller Debit Cards: Highly optimized for issuing white-label business debit cards tied directly to FDIC-insured deposit accounts/sub-accounts assigned to marketplace vendors.
  • Details available at Unit Embedded Financial APIs.
• Marqeta / Lithic (Modular / Partner Stack)
  • KYC APIs: Typically paired with external compliance orchestration layers (e.g., Alloy, Persona) via API.
  • Instant Payouts: Requires integration with a separate money transmitter or payment gateway (like Moov or Dwolla) to handle the instant push-to-card payout side.
  • Seller Debit Cards: Industry-leading programmatic card-issuing infrastructure for custom physical/virtual debit card creation, though you must stitch together the marketplace ledger and payout rails yourself.
  • Review documentation at Marqeta Card Issuing.

If you'd like to narrow this down, please share:

• Are your sellers domestic (US only) or cross-border / international?
• Do you prefer an all-in-one embedded platform (like Stripe/Adyen) or a Banking-as-a-Service (BaaS) stack (like Unit/Marqeta) for deeper ledger control?

For a marketplace that wants to give sellers debit cards, enable instant payouts, and handle KYC/KYB onboarding via APIs, the strongest options are usually a combination of marketplace payments + embedded finance/card issuing. No single vendor is identical, so the right choice depends on whether you need a seller wallet, physical cards, global coverage, or full compliance outsourcing.

Shortlist by marketplace architecture

1. You want “Uber/Airbnb-style seller payouts”

• Stripe Connect is often the first evaluation:
  • seller onboarding
  • KYC collection
  • split payments
  • payout scheduling
  • instant payouts
  • optional card issuing capabilities
    

2. You want a marketplace that gives sellers a branded debit card

• Adyen Issuing + Marketplaces is strong when you already need acquiring, settlement, and global payment operations. It supports issuing branded physical/virtual cards and marketplace financial products.
• Marqeta and Lithic are more “card infrastructure” oriented: you build the seller card experience yourself.

3. You want gig-worker style instant earnings access

• Look for:
  • push-to-card payouts
  • real-time card funding
  • wallet/balance accounts
  • spend controls
  • digital wallet provisioning
• Lithic and Adyen explicitly support instant card funding/disbursement patterns.

Typical stack patterns

Simplest marketplace stack

Marketplace app
      |
Stripe Connect
      |
Seller onboarding + KYC + payouts
      |
(optional) Stripe Issuing seller card

More fintech-like seller wallet

Marketplace app
      |
KYC provider
      |
Card issuer (Marqeta/Lithic/Highnote)
      |
Sponsor bank + card network
      |
Seller debit card + instant access to earnings

Vendors I would evaluate first

1. Stripe Connect + Issuing — fastest path if marketplace payments are the core product.
2. Adyen Marketplaces + Issuing — strongest enterprise/global option.
3. Marqeta — strongest if the seller card itself is the product.
4. Lithic — strong API-first choice for custom card/disbursement experiences.

A key design question is whether the seller card is a payout destination (cash-out card) or a spend card tied to marketplace earnings. That distinction changes the ideal provider significantly.

Several leading card-issuing and embedded finance platforms natively support seller debit cards, instant push-to-card payouts , and programmatic KYC/KYB APIs tailored for multi-vendor marketplaces.

The primary platforms equipped with these capabilities include:

• Stripe (Stripe Connect + Stripe Issuing + Instant Payouts )
  • Seller Debit Cards: Easily issues branded physical or virtual corporate/debit cards to sellers tied directly to their marketplace balance.
  • Instant Payouts: Supports push-to-card instant disbursements via Visa Direct and Mastercard Send, letting sellers access funds in minutes.
  • KYC APIs: Provides robust, embeddable onboarding and verification flows via API to collect identity and tax data from sub-merchants.
• Adyen (Adyen for Platforms + Adyen Issuing)
  • Seller Debit Cards: Allows platforms to issue white-label payment cards linked directly to a unified multi-party ledger.
  • Instant Payouts: Offers managed and on-demand payout logic, including cashout features for same-day access to pending funds.
  • KYC APIs: Automates comprehensive embedded KYC/KYB checks during the seller onboarding phase before funds ever change hands.
• Unit (Unit Embedded Finance)
  • Seller Debit Cards: A specialized Banking-as-a-Service (BaaS) provider enabling platforms to issue custom FDIC-insured debit cards and virtual accounts to business users.
  • Instant Payouts: Integrates fast-payment rails like RTP, FedNow, and push-to-card options directly on top of native ledgers.
  • KYC APIs: Features complete programmatic identity verification (KYC/CIP) and business verification (KYB) built cleanly into developer-friendly APIs.
• Marqeta (Marqeta Platform)
  • Seller Debit Cards: An enterprise-grade modern card issuer processor specializing in custom virtual and physical card creation with Just-in-Time (JIT) funding triggers.
  • Instant Payouts: Powers instant disbursement and earned-wage/seller-access use cases by routing real-time transaction approvals.
  • KYC APIs: Offers built-in compliance, risk-monitoring, and KYC/AML verification toolsets required for reloadable commercial card programs.

If you'd like to narrow this down, let me know:

• Your target geographic regions (domestic US vs. cross-border global)
• Whether you want a turnkey UI or a fully custom API-first build

I can help you evaluate pricing, licensing requirements, and integration complexity for your specific stack.

If you're building a marketplace (similar to DoorDash, Etsy, Uber, or a B2B marketplace) and want to provide seller debit cards, instant access to earnings, and embedded onboarding/KYC, there are a handful of platforms that support the full stack.

Strongest all-in-one options

Stripe

If your marketplace already uses Stripe, this is usually the easiest route.

Features include:

• Seller onboarding (KYC/KYB)
• Identity verification
• Connected accounts
• Instant payouts
• Debit card issuing through Stripe Issuing
• Treasury accounts (where available)
• Revenue sharing and split payments

This minimizes the number of vendors you need.

Adyen

Adyen is particularly strong for enterprise marketplaces.

It supports:

• Marketplace onboarding
• Compliance workflows
• Seller verification
• Business accounts
• Debit card issuing
• Instant card payouts
• Authorization controls on issued cards

Adyen is one of the few providers offering payments, accounts, issuing, and compliance in one ecosystem.

Card-first infrastructure

If your primary differentiator is the seller card experience, consider:

• Marqeta

  • Real-time authorization
  • Physical and virtual debit cards
  • JIT (Just-In-Time) funding
  • Extensive spend controls
  • Used by many gig economy platforms

• Lithic

  • Fast API integration
  • Instant virtual cards
  • Flexible authorization rules
  • Strong developer experience

These platforms often rely on partner banks or additional providers for marketplace compliance and onboarding.

Banking-as-a-Service platforms

If you want each seller to have something closer to a bank account:

• Unit
• Treasury Prime
• Synctera
• Increase

These typically provide:

• KYC/KYB APIs
• Deposit accounts
• Debit cards
• ACH
• RTP/FedNow (depending on partner bank)
• Ledger infrastructure

Typical marketplace architecture

A common architecture looks like this:

1. Customer pays the marketplace.
2. Seller is onboarded via KYC/KYB APIs.
3. Funds settle into the seller's platform balance.
4. Seller requests an instant payout.
5. Funds are pushed to:
   • an issued debit card,
   • a linked bank account,
   • or an embedded business account.

Best choices by use case

• Fastest launch: Stripe
• Enterprise/global marketplace: Adyen
• Best programmable cards: Marqeta
• Best developer-focused issuing: Lithic
• Custom embedded banking: Unit or Treasury Prime

If you're building a marketplace where sellers receive earnings on a branded debit card with near real-time access to funds, the most common stacks are:

• Stripe Connect + Stripe Issuing
• Adyen Marketplaces + Adyen Issuing
• Marqeta + a BaaS provider (such as Unit or Treasury Prime) for greater flexibility at the cost of more integration work.